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Biological Products:

Bioaugmentation products for Wastewater applications in Papermills, Refineries, Chemical, Tanneries, Municipalities, Textiles, Steel, Agriculture, Animal feedlot, Gun Powder plant, Food and Beverage- Dairy Products, Orange Juice factory, Wineries, Cookie factory, Vegetable processing plant, Meat packing, Barbecue Restaurant, Aquaculture, Ornamental Ponds with algae , CAFO, Nursing homes, Military, Campgrounds, Universities, Regulatory agencies, River and Lake remediation

Lab Services:

Filamentous Identification Lab Service. One reason to identify filaments is to determine the filaments characteristics and then determine the type present. If the type is found out, a root cause can usually be associated with a particular filament. If the cause is known, then a correction can be made to alleviate problems. Chlorination is only a quick fix. Without process changes, filaments will grow back after chlorination.

Wastewater Biomass Analyses and Cooling Tower Analyses also available

Audits and Consulting:

At Environmental Leverage® Inc., we have a team of experienced individuals who come into your plant with a fresh pair of eyes. The system is checked from influent to effluent. System optimization, equipment efficiency and operational excellence are key components explored. Key Benefits Equipment efficiency Total Cost of Operation reductions Reliability and safety

An onsite audit is conducted to examine system parameters, process controls, and current monitor and control procedures. A physical walk-through is conducted, process flow diagrams are examined, previous design criteria are examined and current standard operating procedures are evaluated along with data logs.

Industry Troubleshooting-Amines and Biocides

Nitrification -Amines and Biocides-Problems with Ammonia in Wastewater Treatment Plants !

amines causing low pH and Wastewater Training and waste water eLearning courses

Many municipal plants often times have problems with ammonia reduction and nitrification. Some times this can be due to solids handling reduction and the recycle of ammonia in the returning supernatant. Many plants used digestors to reduce the amount of solids they need to process. What they often do though is to return the supernatant to the front of the plant and thereby increase the ammonia loading. This continually recycles the ammonia in the system, and in the long run can sometimes cost more in electrical power to generate oxygen. Check out our training materials on solids handling, Total Nitrification Balance and ammonia problems. While this can be one cause of ammonia problems in a system, this newsletter is going to address another issue that is most often overlooked, Amines that may be present in the influent.

Industrial plants such as chemical or refineries usually make it a standard practice to measuring amines present in the influent. They take these into account when performing a total nitrogen balance across a system in order to completely assess the efficiency of their nitrification removal process. Municipalities are not used to measuring amines or organic nitrogen. It is often overlooked and can sometimes be a contributing factor to problems with nitrification and violations of final effluent permits.

Well, where would these amines come from?

Personal care products or household cleaning products may contain amine compounds. Restaurants, hospitals and hotels using cleaning and sanitizing agents. The food industry requires the use of disinfectants to sanitize food preparation areas, and serve preservative functions.

Many institutional and fast food restaurants as well as many industrial plants, especially food plants need to use biocides in order to keep the working areas clean or sterile. This can be accomplished by addition of biocides; chemical compounds that are toxic to the present microorganisms. Biocides are used in an environment or a system to bring about rapid effective population reductions from which the microorganisms cannot easily recover. There are various different biocides, some of which have a wide range of effect on many different kinds of bacteria. They can be divided up into oxidizing agents and non-oxidizing agents.

Oxidizing agents:

Chlorine, Chlorine dioxide, Chloroisocyanurates, Hypochlorite, Ozone

Non-oxidizing agents include:

Acrolein, Amines, Chlorinated phenolics, Copper salts, Organo-sulphur compounds, Quaternary ammonium salts, Tertiary amines, amine oxides,

Fatty Amines & Other Nitrogen Compounds

Quaternary ammonium salts are surface-active chemicals that consist generally of one nitrogen atom, surrounded by substitutes containing eight to twenty-five carbon atoms on four sides of the nitrogen atom. Quaternary amines are soluble in both water and organic liquids and can greatly accelerate certain chemical reactions when added to a heterogeneous system. These amines are highly toxic and are as equally effective as chlorine dioxide disinfectants. This antibacterial activity is considered desirable for maintaining a sterile living environment.

These compounds are generally most effective against bacteria in alkaline pH ranges. They are positively charged and will bond to the negatively charged sites on the bacterial cell wall. These electrostatic bonds will cause the bacteria to die due to stresses in the cell wall. They also cause the normal flow of life-sustaining compounds through the cell wall to stop, by declining its permeability. Use of quaternary ammonium salts is limited, due to their interaction with oil when present and the fact that they can cause foaming.

Amines

Amines are effective surfactants that can act as biocides due to their ability to kill microorganisms. They can enhance the biocidal effect of chlorinated phenolics when they are applied in water.

Personal Care Products: Quaternary ammonium compounds are often used in contact lens solutions for cleaning and preservative purposes among other uses. Recently detergent manufacturers began to employ quaternary amines in order to increase the cleaning action of household detergents. Amines are often used as floor finish strippers, buffering agents in liquid laundry detergents and as fabric softeners. The antibacterial precursors of the quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats") are aliphatic long-chain ammonium salts. The direct counter part of soap may be considered as a primary ammonium salt. Both are surface-active substances. Primary long-chain ammonium salts are derived from the weakly basic aliphatic amines. Because quats are salt bases, they remain in solution in acidic as well as in basic media. Among the many quaternary ammonium salts available: benzalkonium chloride, alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chloride, methydimethyl ammonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, and alkylisoquinolinium bromide

Below is a list of some of the compounds that your customers might be using that can impact your wastewater treatment plant- Amines are in more compounds than you might think

Surfactant and Cleaning Chemicals and Their Functions

ADMA® alkyldimethylamines and DAMA® dialkylmethylamines for amine oxides, quaternary ammonium compounds and betaines used in cleaning systems, biocides, fabric softeners and conditioners

Fabric softeners, conditioners	ADMA^® tertiary amines
Detergents		Ampholak Armeen Armosoft Aromox Arquad Ethomeen Kortacid Nouracid	Amphoterics Fatty amines Quaternary Ammonium salts and esterquats Amine oxides Quaternary Ammonium salts and esterquats Ethoxylated amines Fatty acids Fatty acids
Hard Surface Cleaning (Industrial Cleaning and Institutional Cleaning)		Berol Ethomeen Aromox Elfan Arquad Nouracid Kortacid	Nonionics Ethoxylated amines Amine Oxides Anionic Quat. Ammonium salts Fatty acids Fatty acids
Personal Care		Arquad Armocare Ethomeen Ethoduomeen Elfacos Elfan AT Ampholak Aromox Amadol	Quaternary ammonium compounds and esterquats Quaternary ammonium compounds and esterquats Ethoxylated amines Ethoxylated diamines Specialty polymers Cocoyl isethionate Amphoteric Amine oxide Ethanolamide

Personal care products, although used in small amounts in each household, can add up in large population areas.

Typical composition of a general-purpose cleaning agent can be provided from a Material Safety Data Sheet. Ask your customers to provide you with MSDS sheets for compounds that they might use in their facility.

Composition of Typical General Purpose Cleaning Agent

Tetrasodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (chelating agent)
Alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (hydrolysis catalyst)
Non-Ionic Surfactant (emulsifier)
d-Limonene (a hydrocarbon fragrance)
Non-volatile substances (8 percent - unspecified)
Water

Cleaning agents containing quaternary ammonium compounds such as alkylbenzyldimethyl ammonium chloride can be found in most grocery stores and supermarkets under a variety of brands. Some typical cleaning agents are listed below. (It should be noted that many detergents do not reveal their complete composition on the label.)

Typical Enzyme Detergents

Cleaning Agent pH Comments

Pearl Plus (Flexo) 10 Active ingredient alkyl dimethyl benzylammonium chloride.

Pine Scented 9 Corrosive to skin and eyes. Household Cleaner Use rubber gloves. Contains quaternary ammonium chlorides.

Lysol 8 Corrosive. Contains alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride. Use rubber gloves.

Ok, I am convinced, I believe there may be amines in my influent, so what do I do about it?

The first thing you need to do if you are not already doing this is to check for the presence in your influent. The best way would be to check a composite sample (24-hour sample). This would make sure that you are catching any that might be present. In some plants, it might be that the only time they are present is for example at night when the restaurants close down and perform their routine clean up. It might be only in the morning when they start up, it might be when most households are home on the weekend and are doing clean-up around the house. At one plant, it might be that there is a small food or industrial plant and they are on a specific cleaning schedule bi-weekly. One way to find out is to ask all your industrial or restaurant customers. Talk to them and ask them if they recently changed cleaning compounds or what biocides and cleaners they use. Residential customer's usage will have to be judged by normal composite samples, since dilution factors will probably make their individual usage minimal as a contributing factor.

The best way to avoid missing the amount of amines present in your influent that might be causing you problems is to take a composite sample every day for a week or extended period. If you do not have a composite sampler onsite, you can try to use a small polymer pump, a small hose and a bucket and set the pump speed to collect a small sample periodically.

How do you measure amines?

The old standard way is a TKN procedure- total Kjedahl nitrogen. Samples are digested in sulfuric acid in the presence of a mercuric oxide catalyst. The Kjeldahl nitrogen present is converted to ammonium cation. Potassium sulfate helps speed the conversion to ammonium.

amines in wwtp, Wastewater Training and waste water eLearning courses

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

a. TKN = ORG-N + NH3-N

b. Digest sample in sulfuric acid and catalyst Org-N NH4-N

c. Steam distillation to determine ammonia content Organic nitrogen (by difference)

ORG-N = TKN - NH3-N

TKN = ORG-N + NH3-N

There are now easier methods to measure Total Nitrogen- NH₃, NO₂ and NO₃

A variety of test procedures and methods are now available for use by water and wastewater operators. They run

the gamut from colorimetric, titrimetric, electrometric (meter & probe), turbimetric and nephlometric through demonstrative methods.

Colorimetric test methods offer on-the-spot results and can test for a variety of common substances.

NH3, Nitrite and Nitrate nitrogen can easily be performed by Colorimetric procedure

Normally nitrate and nitrite are found in very low to minimal concentrations in the influent. They should be measured in the final effluent if nitrification is required at a wastewater treatment plant. An increase in nitrates across a system will be a good measure to determine if nitrification is occurring.

Total Nitrogen

Total Nitrogen- For practical purposes in wastewater analysis,

TN = ORG TN = ORG-N + NH3-N + NO2-N + NO3-N

TKN = OR TKN = ORG- N + NH3-N

TON = NO2TON = NO2-N + NO3-N

Wastewater Training and waste water eLearning courses Formacs^TN - Total Nitrogen Analyzer Skalar has a total nitrogen analyzer, the Formacs^TN Analyzer. Using a combustive catalytic procedure at 850°C followed by chemiluminescence detection, this analytical technology shows excellent correlation with established methodology. This new method of analysis is rapidly becoming the alternative for cumbersome reference methods, such as Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN). With this simple procedure reliable results are now available in minutes without any waste production for a wide range of water/environmental samples.

Hach Test N Tube reagents-Test ‘N Tube™ Analysis Products

Fast, Efficient, Analyses for wastewater parameters

Nitrogen, Total Reagent Set, Test 'N Tube, 50/tests Product #: 2672245

Nitrogen, Total Reagent Set, (Test 'N Tube)
Method: Persulfate Digestion
Range: up to 25.0 mg/L
50/test

Phosphorus

1. Total Phosphorus

2. Reactive Phosphorus

3. Acid Hydrolyzable Phosphorus Wastewater Training and waste water eLearning courses

Nitrogen

1. Total Nitrogen

2. Total Inorganic Nitrogen

3. Ammonia

4. Nitrate

5. Nitrite

Efficient Testing Designed for maximum efficiency and minimal waste, Hach’s Test ‘N Tube™ Analysis Systems are the products of choice for wastewater treatment professionals all over the world. These innovative systems:

• Feature accurately premeasured reagents—already in the vial or available in sealed, unitdose packages

• Require minimal handling and less preparation time

• Are less dependent on individual technique, producing precise and repeatable results

• Minimize, and sometimes eliminate, the use of hazardous chemicals:

• No cadmium is used in the TNT Nitrate method

• No mercury is used in the TNT Ammonia method

• Reduce laboratory waste and associated disposal problems

Easy to Use 1. Simply add sample and reagents to the Test ‘N Tube™ vial and seal with the cap. 2. Digest up to 25 vials

simultaneously in Hach’s COD Reactor. 3. Read results directly on a Hach spectrophotometer or colorimeter.

4. Dispose of reacted samples in the sealed vials both easily

CHEMets^® Colorimetric Test Kits
Self-Filling Ampules Give Easy, Safe, Fast Analysis

No mixing, measuring, calibrating or cleaning, just snap the ampule, containing pre-measured unit dose of reagent, into the sample. You'll get quantitative results in minutes with ±4% accuracy.
Specifications: Accurately test water quality for the analytes listed below. Compare with liquid color standards included with kit for results. Each kit contains 30 individual tests, packaged in single-unit dose, vacuum-sealed ampules, plus comparators, accessory solutions (when necessary), snap cup and complete instructions.

VACUettes® Colorimetric Test Kits
Designed for Highly Concentrated Samples
Use a special auto-dilution feature that eliminates the need for a time-consuming and error-prone preliminary dilution. So, the entire test takes only two to three minutes.

Specifications: Each 7mm ampule has a capillary pipet attached to its tip. It is calibrated to draw the correct volume of sample for one of four dilution factors: 25X, 50X, 100X and 1000X. Hold the ampule horizontally so the capillary tip contacts the sample. After the pipette fills, immerse in a diluent (usually tap water) and snap ampoule tip. The sample and diluent are drawn into ampule where they are mixed with the reagent. Resulting color change can then be compared with liquid color standards to quantify results. Test Kits contain 30 ampules, comparator(s), sample cup, accessory solution (when necessary) and instructions. Refill Packs of 30 ampoules and accessory solutions are also available. Comparators have a two-year shelf life.

Wastewater Training and waste water eLearning courses EMQUANT® Test Strips

Identify and Detect Ions and Compounds in Seconds

A wide selection of strips allows rapid, easy analysis of a variety of technical processes and solutions.

Specifications: Simply match test color to chart on strip container--no technical background or special skills required. Some strips are supplied with companion reagents in convenient dispenser bottles.

Titrets® Titrimetric Test Kits
Use Reverse Titration to Quantify Concentrations
Each Titret cell is a 13mm-dia. ampoule for titrimetric analysis. The hand-held ampoule contains vacuum sealed liquid titrant and has an attached flexible valve assembly.
Specifications: Easy to use, the sample is drawn up into the ampoule until a color change signals that the equivalence point has been reached. Titration is stopped and the ampoule held upright. Its liquid level will correspond to a scale marked in ppm on the ampoules' outer surface. Test Kits contain 30 ampoules, 30 valve assemblies, a sample cup, accessory solutions (when necessary) and instructions.

Conclusions:

It does not matter which method you use, the only thing that matters is when you use it, how often you use it and how consistent you use your test methods. Where you pull the samples from also impact the calculations and your final test results. Make sure that if you are testing influent samples, that you are measuring total influent to the plant, including supernatant from sludge dewatering units or digestors. If they have a different feed point, test these streams separately if necessary, but be sure to include the final measurements in your calculations. These side streams are often overlooked and can also be a contributor to ammonia problems.

Biomanagement Programs based on above all, a bioaugmentation program may be recommended depending on the need of the individual customer. The program may consists of the addition of biological products supported by ongoing site services and laboratory analysis for monitoring and documenting the progress of the application.

Nitrification Troubleshooting Newsletter

Denitrification -Gasification Newsletter

For additional information on our Biological products that can be used to help overcome Nitrification issues or to help the plant recover faster.
MicroSolv™ 600L- Nitrifiers an Environmental Leverage™ product.

The Critical 5 plus one- Alkalinity is critical for nitrification

http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/recycle/jtr/comm/exchnat.htm

Pollution Prevention Opportunities

www.p2pays.org

Wastewater Training Classes

Wastewater Training CD's